And our task is to convert this format in to machine understandable format i. Machine language. Step 2: To achieve this first we pass our program to the preprocessor. Preprocessor gives the expanded source code as a output. But still our program is in human understandable format. Step 3: After preprocessing we pass the expanded program to the compiler which gives the output in assembly language which is hardware dependent language.
But still our program is not in machine language. Step 4: This assembly language program is pass to the assembler which converts assembly language program into machine language called as object code. This is not pure executable code. This object file is divided into three parts as Text,Data, and Symbol table.
Text section is a section which contains compiled instructions of our program in machine understandable format. Data section contains all the global variable and static variables of our program.
Data section is internally divided into two parts as bss Block starting with Symbol and non bss Block starting with value. Symbol table is a data structure which is used to maintain all the information of identifiers used in our program. Step 5: After getting the object code we pass this file to the linker. Linker is responsible for creating executable file. Linker links our object code with other dependent object code. It also adds primary header to our executable file.
Primary header is a structure which contains magic number, type of executable, address of entry point, time date stamp etc.
Magic number is a number which is used by operating system to uniquely identify the executable. After getting output of linker our file is in executable format but it is stored in hard disk. But if we want to run this program it must be copied into the main memory i. Step 6: Loader is part of operating system which is responsible for loading the program from hard disk to RAM.
When our program gets loaded into the ram its primary header gets removed and instruction pointer is set to the address of entry point. New section gets added which is called as stack which contains information of function. There is separate stack frame for each and every function which contains information like local variables, argument of function, old value of EBP, address of next instruction to be executed etc.
Memory layout of process Step 7: Now our program gets copied into the memory. For further processing we have to pass that program to CPU. But it is not possible to pass whole program to CPU because of memory constraints.
Because of which each and every section of program get converted into small segment of small size. Step 8: Now contents of this segment gets converted into set of instructions. And these instructions are stored in queue called as instruction queue. Step To process the instructions temporary memory locations of processor are used called as CPU registers. Single bit of Flag register has its own meaning step Now the instructions gets evaluated and output of program is passed to the operating system.
Then OS displays output of our program on to the screen. Set of commands which will elaborate the Toolchain components Step 1: Create file names as Demo. Step 2: Compile that file using command gcc -S -o Demo.
S Demo. S Step 3: Pass that Assembly file to assembler which gives output as aobjectfile named as Demo. S Step 4: Pass that object file to Linker which gives output as a executable file. A microprocessor also known as a CPU or central processing unit is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel , a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel , introduced in and incorporated into the IBM PC which first appeared around Since , Intel has introduced microprocessors with multiple cores and millions more transistors.
But even these microprocessors follow the same general rules as earlier chips. A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that tell the processor what to do. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated operations on large floating point numbers. If we have an address bus 8 bits wide and a data bus 8 bits wide. That means that the microprocessor can address 28 bytes of memory, and it can read or write 8 bits of the memory at a time.
When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS. The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine, and then it goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot. The microprocessor then begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM. The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else from the hard disk into RAM, which the microprocessor then executes, and so on.
This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire operating system. Each microprocessor has its own large set of instructions that it can perform. The collection of instructions is implemented as bit patterns, each one of which has a different meaning when loaded into the instruction register. It is not possible to remember bit patterns, so a set of short words are defined to represent the different bit patterns.
This collection of words mnemonics is called the assembly language of the processor. Multicore Processor: A multi-core processor is a single component with two or more independent actual central processing units called "cores" , which are the units that read and execute program instructions. Please mail your requirement at [email protected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week.
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The translator which performs macro calls expansion is called Macro pre-processor. A macro processor is a program that copies a stream of text from one place to another, making a systematic set of replacements as it does so. Macro processors have been used for language expansion defining new language constructs that can be expressed in terms of existing language components , for systematic text replacements that require decision making, and for text reformatting e.
A Dynamic linker is the part of an operating system that loads and links the shared libraries. C preprocessor is a micro processor that is used by compiler to transform your code before compilation. It is called micro pre-processor because it allows us to add macros. You have completed.
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