The joint effects of life stress and negative social exchanges on emotional distress. This study examined the differential and mediating effects of three types of work-related stressors: critical events, hassles and role stressors — on nurses' levels of distress at two points in time … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites results. Stress from daily hassles in couples: its effects on intradyadic stress, relationship satisfaction, and physical and psychological well-being.
Daily hassles, marital functioning and psychological distress among community-dwelling older couples. Abstract Objectives This study attempts to examine the association between stress induced by daily hassles, marital functioning and psychological distress among a sample of older couples living at … Expand.
Highly Influenced. View 6 excerpts, cites background and results. View 1 excerpt, cites background. Reported exposure and emotional reactivity to daily stressors: the roles of adult age and global perceived stress.
The Daily Inventory of Stressful Events. Everyday stressors and gender differences in daily distress. Harvard University This article examines gender differences in psychological distress by assessing men's and women's experience of daily stressors and psychological distress in a sample of … Expand.
Relation of chronic and episodic stressors to psychological distress, reactivity, and health problems. View 1 excerpt, references background. Effects of daily stress on negative mood. Stress researchers traditionally have focused on stressful life events that people experience personally, ignoring the potentially disruptive effects of stressful events experienced by family members … Expand.
Chronic parenting stress: moderating versus mediating effects of social support. Impact of chronic and acute stressors on daily reports of mood. This study explores short-term and long-term processes through which daily job stressors may affect a father's relationship with his school-aged child.
Fifteen male air traffic controllers ATCs … Expand. Stressors and problem-solving: the individual as psychological activist. Major life events and minor stressors: identifying mediational links in the stress process. Related Papers. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy , Terms of Service , and Dataset License.
Some stressors involve traumatic events or situations in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death or serious injury. Stressors in this category include exposure to military combat, threatened or actual physical assaults e. Some individuals who are exposed to stressors of extreme magnitude develop post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD : a chronic stress reaction characterized by experiences and behaviors that may include intrusive and painful memories of the stressor event, jumpiness, persistent negative emotional states, detachment from others, angry outbursts, and avoidance of reminders of the event American Psychiatric Association [APA], Most stressors that we encounter are not nearly as intense as the ones described above.
Many potential stressors we face involve events or situations that require us to make changes in our ongoing lives and require time as we adjust to those changes. Examples include death of a close family member, marriage, divorce, and moving Figure 1. Figure 1. Some fairly typical life events, such as moving, can be significant stressors.
Even when the move is intentional and positive, the amount of resulting change in daily life can cause stress. Many life events that most people would consider pleasant e. In developing their scale, Holmes and Rahe asked participants to provide a numerical estimate for each of the 43 items; each estimate corresponded to how much readjustment participants felt each event would require.
The numerical scores ranged from 11 to , representing the perceived magnitude of life change each event entails. In addition, personal injury or illness, marriage, and job termination also ranked highly on the scale with 53, 50, and 47 LCUs, respectively.
Minor violations of the law ranked the lowest with 11 LCUs. To complete the scale, participants checked yes for events experienced within the last 12 months.
LCUs for each checked item are totaled for a score quantifying the amount of life change. In an early demonstration, researchers obtained LCU scores for U. A later examination of medical records revealed positive but small correlations between LCU scores prior to the voyage and subsequent illness symptoms during the ensuing six-month journey Rahe, Despite its widespread use, the scale has been subject to criticism.
First, many of the items on the SRRS are vague; for example, death of a close friend could involve the death of a long-absent childhood friend that requires little social readjustment Dohrenwend, As you recall, appraisal of a stressor is a key element in the conceptualization and overall experience of stress.
Being fired from work may be devastating to some but a welcome opportunity to obtain a better job for others. The SRRS remains one of the most well-known instruments in the study of stress, and it is a useful tool for identifying potential stress-related health outcomes Scully et al.
These correlations are typically positive—as LCU scores increase, the number of symptoms increase. Consider all the thousands of studies that have used this scale to correlate stress and illness symptoms: If you were to assign an average correlation coefficient to this body of research, what would be your best guess?
How strong do you think the correlation coefficient would be? If it were possible to show causation, do you think stress causes illness or illness causes stress? Potential stressors do not always involve major life events. Daily hassles —the minor irritations and annoyances that are part of our everyday lives e. Figure 2. Daily commutes, whether a on the road or b via public transportation, can be hassles that contribute to our feelings of everyday stress.
Researchers have demonstrated that the frequency of daily hassles is actually a better predictor of both physical and psychological health than are life change units. Cyber hassles that occur on social media may represent a new source of stress.
In one investigation, undergraduates who, over a week period, reported greater Facebook-induced stress e. Clearly, daily hassles can add up and take a toll on us both emotionally and physically. Stressors can include situations in which one is frequently exposed to challenging and unpleasant events, such as difficult, demanding, or unsafe working conditions.
Although most jobs and occupations can at times be demanding, some are clearly more stressful than others Figure 3. Equally likely, most would agree that jobs containing various unpleasant elements, such as those requiring exposure to loud noise heavy equipment operator , constant harassment and threats of physical violence prison guard , perpetual frustration bus driver in a major city , or those mandating that an employee work alternating day and night shifts hotel desk clerk , are much more demanding—and thus, more stressful—than those that do not contain such elements.
Figure 3. Although the specific stressors for these occupations are diverse, they seem to share two common denominators: heavy workload and uncertainty about and lack of control over certain aspects of a job. Clearly, many occupations other than the ones listed in Table 2 involve at least a moderate amount of job strain in that they often involve heavy workloads and little job control e.
Such jobs are often low-status and include those of factory workers, postal clerks, supermarket cashiers, taxi drivers, and short-order cooks.
Job burnout occurs frequently among those in human service jobs e. Job burnout consists of three dimensions.
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